Tag: Natural rate of unemployment

FOMC Holds Target Rate Constant as Warsh Promises Procedural Changes after First Meeting as Chair

Photo of Kevin Warsh from bloomberg.com via the Wall Street Journal

It was a foregone conclusion that at its meeting that ended today, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) would leave unchanged its target range for the federal funds rate at 3.50 percent to 3.75 percent. There was great interest, however, about whether at his first meeting as chair of the committee, Kevin Warsh might indicate changes he would push for in the committee’s procedures.

One immediate change was evident in the statement that the committee released at the end of its meeting. The first statement reproduced below is from April 29, the last meeting Jerome Powell presided over as chair. The second statement is the statement that the committee released today.

The statement released today is much shorter and omits any mention of how the committee might respond in the future to new economic data, other than the simple statement that, “The Committee will deliver price stability.”

The brevity of the statement reflects the skepticism Warsh had voiced in his Senate confirmation hearings on the usefulness of forward guidance, or statements by the FOMC about how it will conduct monetary policy in the future. We discuss forward guidance in Macroeconomics, Chapter 15 (Economics, Chapter 25).

In his press conference following the meeting, Warsh announced that he was forming five new committees to look at: 1) Fed communications, 2) the Fed’s balance sheet, 3) the Fed’s use of data, 4) the effects of technological change and productivity, particularly with respect to artificial intelligence, and 5) the inflation process, with the aim of identifying key drivers of inflation. He indicated that the committees would include members from outside the Fed and were expected to report their findings by the end of the year.

After the meeting, the committee also released a “Summary of Economic Projections” (SEP)—as it typically does after its March, June, September, and December meetings. The SEP presents median values of the, typically, 19 committee members’ forecasts of key economic variables. Notably, Warsh indicated that, although he encouraged his colleagues on the committee to continue submitting their forecasts to be compiled in the SEP, he didn’t submit forecasts. He indicated that the future of the SEP is one of the issues to be considered by his new committee on Fed communications.

The forecasts of key economic variables from the SEP are summarized in the following table, reproduced from the release. (Note that only 5 of the district bank presidents vote at FOMC meetings, although all 12 presidents participate in the discussions and prepare forecasts for the SEP.)

There are several aspects of these forecasts worth noting:

  1. Compared with the previous SEP in March, the committee members reduced their forecast of real GDP growth in 2026 from 2.4 percent to 2.2 percent. The committee members left unchanged their forecast of long-run growth in real GDP at 2.0 percent. Despite reducing their forecast of real GDP growth in 2026, the committee lowered their forecast of the unemployment rate in 2026 from 4.4 percent to 4.3 percent. The committee members left their forecast of the long-run rate of unemployment, often called the natural rate of unemployment, unchanged at 4.2 percent. 
  2. Committee members significantly raised their forecast of personal consumption expenditures (PCE) price inflation in 2026 to 3.6 percent from 2.7 percent in March. They raised their forecast of inflation in 2027 slightly and continued to forecast that PCE inflation will decline to the Fed’s 2.0 percent annual target in 2028.
  3. The committee’s forecasts of the federal funds rate at the end of each year from 2026 through 2028 were increased, indicating that the committee sees the federal funds rate as likely to be “higher for longer.” The forecast for the long-run federal funds rate was left unchanged at 3.1 percent.

Prior to the meeting, there was much discussion in the business press and among investment analysts about the dot plot, shown below. Each dot in the plot represents the projection of an individual committee member. (The committee doesn’t disclose which member is associated with which dot.) Note that there are 18 dots, representing the 6 members of the Fed’s Board of Governors who provided forecasts and all 12 presidents of the Fed’s district banks. 

The dots plotted on the far left of the figure represent the projections by the 18 members of the value of the federal funds rate at the end of 2026. The plots indicate that at this point eight members of the committee forecast no change in the federal funds rate this year, nine members (circled in red) expect at least one increase in the federal funds rate by the end of the year, and only one member expected that there would be a cut in the federal funds by year’s end. The dots plotted on the far right of the figure indicate that there is substantial disagreement among committee members as to what the long-run value of the federal funds rate—the so-called neutral rate—should be. Of course, the plots only represent the forecasts of the committee members and individual committee members are likely to adjust their forecasts as additional macroeconomic data become available in the coming months.

Warsh indicated at his press conference that it was unlikely that he would hold a press conference after each meeting of the committee as Jerome Powell had been doing beginning with the January 2019 meeting.

Warsh made several other notable points at the press conference. He reiterated that the Fed’s inflation target would remain an annual increase of 2.0 percent in the PCE. He noted that he saw the current level of the federal funds rate as having a restrictive effect on only the housing market. And he expressed dissatisfaction with how the economic statistics the FOMC relies upon when setting policy were being compiled. He indicated that the new committee on the Fed’s use of data might formulate suggestions to other federal government agencies, such as the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, on changes in how they collect data.

Financial Markets Correctly Forecast Today’s 0.50% Cut in the Federal Funds Rate Target

Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell (Photo from federalreserve.gov)

In a blog post yesterday (September 17), we noted that trading on the CME’s federal funds futures market indicated that investors assigned a probability of 63 percent to the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) announcing today a 0.50 percentage point (50 basis points) cut to its target range for the federal funds rate and a probability of 37 percent to a 0.25 percentage point (25 basis points) cut. (100 basis points equals 1 percentage point.) The forecast proved correct when the FOMC announced this afternoon that it was cutting its target range to 4.75 percent to 5.00 percent, from the range of 5.25 percent to 5.50 percent that had been in place since July 2023.

Congress has given the Fed a dual mandate to achieve maximum employment and price stability. In March 2022, the FOMC began responding to the surge in inflation that had begun in the spring of 2021 by raising its target for the federal funds rate. Up through its July 2024 meeting, the FOMC had been focused on the risk that the inflation rate would remain above the Fed’s target inflation rate of 2 percent. In the statement released after today’s meeting, the committee stated that it “has gained greater confidence that inflation is moving sustainably toward 2 percent, and judges that the risks to achieving its employment and inflation goals are roughly in balance.”

In a press conference following the meeting, Fed Chair Jerome Powell indicated that with inflation close to the 2 percent target and the labor market continuing to cool “by any measure,” the committee judged that it was time to begin normalizing its target range for the federal funds rate. Powell said that: “The U.S. economy is in a good place and our action is intended to keep it there.” When asked by a reporter whether the committee cut its target by 50 basis points today to catch up for not having cut its target at its July meeting, Powell responded that: “We don’t think we’re behind [on cutting the target range]. We think this [50 basis point cut] will keep us from falling behind.”

At the conclusion of each meeting, the committee holds a formal vote on its target for the federal funds rate. The vote today was 15-1, with Governor Michelle Bowman casting the sole negative vote. She stated that she would have preferred a 25 basis point cut. Dissenting votes have been rare in recent years.

How much lower will the federal funds target range go? Typically at the FOMC’s December, March, June, and September meetings, the committee releases a “Summary of Economic Projections” (SEP), which presents median values of the committee members’ forecasts of key economic variables. The following table is from the SEP released after today’s meeting.

Looking at the values under the heading “Median” on the left side of the table, the median projection for the federal funds rate at the end of the 2024 is 4.4 percent. That projection signals that the committee will likely cut its target range by 25 basis points at each of its two remaining meetings on November 6-7 and December 17-18. The median projection for the federal funds rate at the end of 2025 is 3.4 percent, implying four additional 25 basis points cuts. In the long run, the median projection of the committee is that the federal funds rate will be 2.9 percent, which is somewhat higher than the 2.5 percent rate that the committee had projected at its December 2019 meeting before the start of the Covid pandemic.

Committee members project that the unemployment rate will end the year at 4.4 percent, up from the 4.2 percent rate in August. They expect that the unemployment rate will be 4.2 percent in the long run. The long run unemployment rate is ofter referred to as the natural rate of unemployment. (We discuss the natural rate of unemployment in Macroeconomics, Chapter 9, Section 9.2 and Economics, Chapter 19, Section 19.2.)

The median projection of the committe members is that at the end of 2024 the inflation rate, as measured by the percentage change in the personal consumption expenditures (PCE) price index, will be 2.3 percent, slightly above the Fed’s target rate. Inflation will also run slightly above the Fed’s target in 2025 at 2.1 percent before retuning to 2 percent by the end of 2026. The median projections of the inflation rate at the ends of 2024 and 2025 are lower than the median projections in the SEP that was released after the FOMC meeting on June 11-12.